APA: Print Sources
Presented below are examples of citations as they may appear in a works-cited page. The examples are meant to be illustrative and do not encompass every possible situation. If you have questions about citing particular types of sources or dealing with particular situations, you should consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association or contact a reference librarian.
Note that titles of periodicals (newspapers, journals, magazines) are capitalized as they normally are; book titles and article titles have only the first word of the title (and of any subtitles), as well as proper nouns, capitalized. Use single spaces between all words/items within each citation.
Note: In-text citation would appear as: (Freud, 1920/1950)
Note: Volume number is italicized. Include issue number in parentheses immediately after volume number (no space between volume number and open parens) only if issues are not continuously paginated.
APA: Online Sources
Note: Changes in the sixth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association are highlighted below
According to the sixth edition of the APA manual, when available, you should include the DOI (digital object identifier) for print and electronic sources in the reference entry. The DOI number is placed at the end of the entry without ending punctuation:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number. doi:0000000/000000000000
When a DOI is not available, and a URL is included, do not include retrieval dates unless the source material may change over time (e.g., wikis). When citing an entire website (when you are not quoting from, but rather making reference to an entire website), it is sufficient to give the address of the site in just the text (no entry in the reference list is necessary). In general, it is not necessary to include database (ERIC, JSTOR, OVID) information.
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